Trade Patterns in Food Imports to China: Commodities, Trends, and Shifts (1992-2020)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32870/mycp.v12i35.810Keywords:
Food, Trade, Substitutability, China, ImportsAbstract
Our research unveils how China’s food-related imports from 1992 to 2020 changed in composition by decreasing the imports of some commodities in favor of others. Their origins suggest that some countries are being substituted as commercial partners for specific commodities. We empirically identified outliers by setting interquartile limits at the commodity level and by origin. Unit-root and normality tests were applied. Finally, Spearman or Pearson correlation coefficients were computed where appropriate. Results indicate that imports are stabilizing during the studied period. China increased its imports of Sugar and cereals to the detriment of edible preparations, live animals, trees, and oilseeds. Some Asian countries are capturing part of the market once dominated by North America or Europe. Finally, lower dependence on partners was found for meat, gums, cocoa, and edible preparations. This methodology might help those analyzing the effects of trade agreements, country specialization, and strategic decisions.Downloads
References
Fung, K., Hwang, H.-C., Ng, F., & Seade, J. (2013). Production networks in China and India: a comparative analysis. Economic Changeand Restructuring, 46(1), 45-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-012-9133-4
Gale, H. F., Hansen, J., & Jewison, M. (2015). China’s growing demand for agricultural imports. (USDA-ERS Economic Information Bulletin 136). 1-35.
Hanson, G. H. (2012). The Rise of Middle Kingdoms: Emerging Economies in Global Trade. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(2), 41-64. https://doi.org/ 10.1257/jep.26.2.41
Hao, W., & Xiaoqing, L. (2015). China’s Imports Technology Structure and Its Relationship with Trade Partners: 1995-2011. China Economist, 10(1), 74-87
Huang, Y., & Tian, X. (2019). Food accessibility, diversity of agricultural production and dietary pattern in rural China. Food Policy, 84, 92-102.
https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.03.002
Jun, Y., Wenqian, Y., Ming, L., & Xiaobing, W. (2013). Complementarity of China-Africa Agricultural Products Trade: Trends and Challenges. China Economist, 8, 86-97.
Khan, M. A., & Ahmad, I. (2017). An Analysis of Export Pattern and Competitiveness of India-China in Global and Bilateral Market. fiib Business Review, 6, 9-18.
Kim, S., & Shikher, S. (2015). Long-run Effects of the Korea-China Free-Trade Agreement. Journal of East Asian Economic Integration, 19(2), 117-142. https://doi.org/10.11644/KIEP.JEAI.2015.19.2.293
Koizumi, T. (2013). Biofuel and food security in China and Japan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 21, 102-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.047
Ledgard, S. F., Wei, S., Wang, X., Falconer, S., Zhang, N., Zhang, X., & Ma, L. (2019). Nitrogen and carbon footprints of dairy farm systems in China and New Zealand, as influenced by productivity, feed sources andmitigations. Agricultural Water Management, 213, 155-163. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.10.009
Li, L., Huang, W., Gao, Z., Xu, Y., & Huang, C. H. (2021). Determinants that influence Green Consumption Intention: An Investigation of Environmental Perceptions of College Students in China. International journal of Engineering, Business and Management, 5(5), 1-5. http://www.journal-re- pository.theshillonga.com/index.php/ijebm/article/view/4088
Li, X. (2012). Technology, factor endowments, and China’s agricultural foreign trade: a neoclassical approach. China Agricultural Economic Review, 4(1), 105-123. https://doi.org/10.1108/17561371211196801
Liu, Y., & Zhou, Y. 2021. Reflections on China’s food security and land use policy under rapid urbanization. Land Use Policy, 109, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105699
Lu, X., & Li, R. (2010). South-South cooperation: is there a foundation in trade? Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies, 3(3), 221- 234. https://doi.org/10.1108/17544401011084307
Lyu, J., & Li, X. (2019). Effectiveness and sustainability of grain price support policies in China. Sustainability, 11(9), 2478-2478. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092478
Qiu, H., Huang, J., Keyzer, M., Van Veen, W., Rozelle, S., Fisher, G., & Er- molieva, T. (2011). Biofuel Development, Food Security and the Use of Marginal Land in China. Journal of Environmental Quality, 40(4), 1058- 1067. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0012
Qu, W., Shi, W., Zhang, J., & Liu, T. (2020). T21 China 2050: a tool for national sustainable development planning. Geography and sustainability, 1(1), 33-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2020.03.004
Scott, G. J., & Suarez, V. (2012). From Mao to McDonald’s: Emerging Markets for PotatoesandPotatoProductsinChina1961-2007. American Journal of Potato Research, 89(3), 217-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12230-012-9246-3
Shao, J. (2019). Sustainable consumption in China: New trends and research interests. Business Strategy and the Environment, 28(8), 1507-1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.2327
Sun, S. K., Yin, Y. L., Wu, P. T., Wang, Y. B., Luan, X. B., & Li, C. (2019). Geographical evolution of agricultural production in China and its effects on water stress, economy, and the environment: the virtual water perspective. Water Resources Research, 55(1), 4014-4029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018WR023379
UnComtrade. (2003). Internet resource. <http://comtrade.un.org/>
Villasante, S., Rodríguez-González, D., Antelo, M., Rivero-Rodríguez, S., de Santiago, J. A., & Macho, G. (2013). All Fish for China? AMBIO, 42(8), 923-936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-013-0448-9
Villoria, N. (2009). China’s Growth and the Agricultural Exports of Sub-Saharan Southern Africa. European Journal of Development Research, 21(4), 531-550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2009.27
Wang, Q., Parsons, R., & Zhang, G. (2010). China’s dairy markets: trends, disparities, and implications for trade. China Agricultural Economic Review, 2(3), 356-371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17561371011078462
Weng, Y., Chang, S., Cai, W., & Wang, C. (2019). Exploring the impacts of biofuel expansion on land use change and food security based on a land explicit CGE model: A case study of China. Applied Energy, 236, 514-525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.12.024
Xiao, X., Tian, Q., Hou, S., & Li, C. (2019). Economic policy uncertainty and grain futures price volatility: evidence from China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 11, 642-654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/CAER-11-2018-0224
Xie, B., Tingyou, L., & Yi, Q. (2011). Organic certification and the market: organic exports from and imports to China. British Food Journal, 113(10), 1200-1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070701111177647
Xiong, B., & Song, Y. (2018). Big data and dietary trend: The case of avocado imports in China. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, 30(4), 343-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2018.1426073
Ye, Q., Li, Y., Zhang, W., & Cai, W. (2019). Influential factors on water footprint: A focus on wheat production and consumption in virtual water import and export regions. Ecological indicators, 102, 309-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.02.051
Zhang, Y., Li, C., Xu, Y., & Li, J. (2021). An attribution analysis of soybean price volatility in China: global market connectedness or energy market transmission? International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 24(1), 15-25.
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 2023-10-13 (4)
- 2023-08-23 (3)
- 2023-05-02 (2)
- 2023-04-29 (1)
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 México y la Cuenca del Pacífico
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Open Access Policy
This journal provides open access to all its contents, in adherence to the principle that making research freely available supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.
MyCP is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, also known as CC BY-NC.
Contents are published in both PDF and XML formats.
Authors who publish in México y la Cuenca del Pacífico must accept the following conditions:
Pursuant to Mexican copyright laws, México y la Cuenca del Pacífico acknowledges and respects the authors’ moral right and ownership of property rights, which will be assigned to the University of Guadalajara to publish the articles in an open-access mode.
México y la Cuenca del Pacífico does not charge the authors any fees for receiving and processing their articles.
Authors are permitted to enter into other independent and additional contractual agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the article version published in México y la Cuenca del Pacífico (for example, publishing it in an institutional repository or in other printed or electronic media) as long as they clearly state that the piece was originally published in México y la Cuenca del Pacífico.
Pursuant to the above, once the article is approved for publication, authors must send the Assignment of Rights Agreement form duly filled and signed. This form must be sent to mexicoylacuenca@gmail.com as a PDF file.
Readers/users of México y la Cuenca del Pacífico can freely access the journal new issues as soon as they are uploaded. Readers/users are allowed to cite, share (both electronically and physically), print and distribute the material, provided they expressly state that the work was originally published in México y la Cuenca del Pacífico. Contents are to be properly cited and never for commercial purposes.
