Vietnam, Women, and Science: Mental Barriers and Gender Gap
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32870/mycp.v13i39.890Palabras clave:
Women, Science, Gender Stereotypes, Vietnam, ConfucianismResumen
Considering the cultural context of Vietnamese society, this article explores the influence of mental barriers regarding the traditional role of women and its impact on their possibilities to participate in scientific activities. Vietnam is a country that has promoted scientific and technological activities and the strengthening of a national innovation system as a critical element on its path to development. These actions have made it possible to shore up economic growth that began with opening up and economic reform. In this way, Vietnam has achieved some critical achievements in the economic and social fields. However, reducing the gender gap in scientific activities is still a vital challenge, although the government has taken significant measures to overcome it. The article analyzes the relationship between women in science in Vietnam and the gender stereotype based on data collected through reports of international organizations, news reports, and other relevant data. The principal argument is that this situation results from the mental barriers of Vietnamese society that present strong stereotypes regarding the role of women. Therefore, to advance gender equality, changing the mental stereotypes still present in Vietnamese culture is necessary.Descargas
Citas
Asian Development Bank. (2023). Basic 2023 Statistics. ABD. https://www.adb.org (accessed 6 June 2023).
Brahmbhatt, M., & Hu, A. (2007). Ideas and Innovation in East Asia (Policy Research Working Paper Series 4403). World Bank. http://documents. worldbank.org/curated/en/148741468331761597/Ideas-and-innova-tion-in-East-Asia
Bui, N. S. (2013). The Confucian Foundations of H? Chí Minh’s Vision of Government. Journal of Oriental Studies, 46(1), 35–59.
Cao, T. H. V. (2013). Does World Trade Organization (WTO) Membership account for the increase in fdi Inflows to Vietnam? What about other factors? Journal of International Economics and Management, 59, 37-52. https://jiem.ftu.edu.vn/index.php/jiem/article/view/91
Cheng, C. (2011). New Confucianism as A Philosophy of Humanity and Governance. Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 38(5), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1163/15406253-03805001
Cheong, H., Lyons, A., Houghton, R., and Majumdar, A. (2023). Secondary Qualitative Research Methodology Using Online Data within the Context of Social Sciences. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, (22), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231180160
Chiung?Tzu, L. T. (2006). The Influence of Confucianism on Women’s Leisure in Taiwan. Leisure Studies, 25(4), 469-476. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360600898177
Chiricosta, A. (2010). Following the Trail of the Fairy-Bird: The Search for a Uniquely Vietnamese Women’s Movement. In M. Roces & L. Edwards, L. (Eds.), Women’s movements in Asia: Feminisms and transnational activism (pp. 124-143). Routledge.
Chowdhury, I., Johnson, H. C., Mannava, A., & Perova, E. (2019). Gender Gap in Earnings in Vietnam: Why Do Vietnamese Women Work in Lower Paid Occupations? Journal of Southeast Asian Economies, 36(3), 400-423.
Cirera, X., Mason, A., de Nicola, F., Kuriakose, S., Mare, D., & Tran, T. (2021). The Innovation Imperative for Developing East Asia. World Bank. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documentsreports/documentdetail/797541614143336483/the-innovation-imperative-for-developing-east-asia
Elsevier and qs World University Ranking. (2023). QS Asia University Ranking, 2023. https://www.topuniversities.com/asia-university-rankings/2023 (accessed 2 June 2023).
Fagerberg, J., & Srholec, M. (2017). Capabilities, economic development, sustainability. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 41(3), 905–926. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bew061
Fu, X. (2015). China’s Path to Innovation, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107110953
Fung, Y. (1997). A Short History of Chinese Philosophy. Free Press.
Gao, X. (2003). Women Existing for Men: Confucianism and Social Injustice against Women in China. Race, Gender & Class, 10(3), 114–125.
Ha, L. T., & Phuc, N. D. (2019). The US-China Trade War: Impact on Vietnam. iseas Perspective, (102), 1-13.
Hays, I. D., & Farhar, B. C. (2000). The Role of Science and Technology in the Advancement of Women Worldwide (nrel/tp-820-28944). National Renew-able Energy Laboratory. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy01osti/28944.pdf (accessed 2 June 2023).
Hoa, L. K. (2017, December 27). Women Participating in Scientific Research: Difficulties from Many Sides [Ph? n? tham gia nghiên c?u khoa h?c: Khó kh?n t? nhi?u phía]. Minh Khue Law Company. https://luatminhkhue. vn/phu-nu-tham-gia-nghien-cuu-khoa-hoc--kho-khan-tu-nhieu-phia. aspx (accessed 2 June 2023).
International Monetary Fund. (2022). Vietnam (Country Report No. 2022/209). IMF. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2022/07/05/Vietnam-2022-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-Staff-Report-and-Statement-by-the-520395
Jung, J. (2012). Faculty Research Productivity in Hong Kong across Academic Discipline. Higher Education Studies, 2(4), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v2n4p1
Kien, T. N. & Heo, Y. (2008). Doi Moi Policy and Socio-Economic Development in Viet Nam, 1986-2005. International Area Review, 11(1), 205-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/223386590801100112
Lemus-Delgado, D. (2020). Vietnam: políticas públicas en ciencia, tecnología e innovación. Estudios de Asia y África, 55(2), 263-294. https://doi. org/10.24201/eaa.v55i2.2454
Li-Hsiang, L. R. (2010). A Feminist Appropriation of Confucianism. In W. Chang & L. Kalmanson (Eds.), Confucianism in Context: Classic Philosophy and Contemporary Issues, East Asia and Beyond (pp. 175-190). State Uni-versity of New York Press.
Lien, V. H., & Sharrock, P. D. (2014). Descending Dragon, Rising Tiger: A History of Vietnam. Reaktion Books.
Lockhart, B. M., & Duiker, W. J. (2010). The A to Z of Vietnam. Scarecrow Press. London, J. D. (2023). How to Study Contemporary Vietnam? In J. D. London (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Vietnam (pp. 1-17). Routledge.
Ma, Y., Zhao, Y., Gong, X., Sun, L., & Zheng Y. .H (2018). Close the gender gap in Chinese science. Nature, (557), 25-27. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-04996-3
Mejia, R. (2010). Gender stop-gaps. Nature, (465), 832–833. https://doi.org/10.1038/nj7299-832a
Minh, N. H. (2023). The Family in Contemporary Viet Nam. In J. D. London (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Vietnam (pp. 392-403). Routledge.
Minh, N. H., Hong. T. T. and Than, T. (2022). Gender Differences in the Scientific Achievement of Social Sciences and Impact Factors: A Survey Study of Researchers in the Social Sciences in Vietnam. In C. Striebing, J. Müller & M. Schraudner (Eds.), Diversity and Discrimination in Research Organizations (pp. 259-286). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-956-020221007
National Economic and Development Authority. (2020, February 19). The Philippine Innovation Act. National Economic and Development Authority. https://neda.gov.ph/the-philippine-innovation-act/
National Economic and Development Authority. (2023). National Innovation Agenda and Strategy Document (niasd) 2023-2032. National Economic and Development Authority. https://neda.gov.ph/niasd-2023-2032/
Ngoc, H. (2016). Viet Nam: Tradition and Change. Ohio University Press. Novovic, G. (2023). Gender mainstreaming 2.0: emergent gender equality agendas under Sustainable Development Goals. Third World Quarterly, 44(5), 1058–1076. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2023.2174848
OECD. (2023). OECD Economic Surveys: Viet Nam 2023. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/8f2a6ecb-en
Pettus, A. (2003). Between Sacrifice and Desire. National Identity and the Governing of Femininity in Vietnam, Routledge.
Pham, H. (2022, March 23). Pushing gender equality forward in Vietnam. The One Health Poultry Hub. https://www.onehealthpoultry.org/blog-posts/pushing-gender-equality-forward-in-vietnam/ (accessed 2 June 2023).
UNDP. (2022). Human Development Report 2021-22. Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping our Future in a Transforming World. undp. https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2021-22
UNDP. (2023). Gender Development Index (GDI). UNDP. https://hdr.undp.org/gender-development-index#/indicies/GDI (accessed 3 June 2023).
Struckmann, C. (2018). A postcolonial feminist critique of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: A South African application. Agenda, 32(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2018.1433362
ten Brink, T. (2019). China’s Capitalism: A Paradoxical Route to Economic Prosperity. University of Pennsylvania Press. UN Women. (2021). Country Gender Equality Profile Viet Nam 2021. UN Women; Australian Aid; adb; ilo. https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/field%20office%20eseasia/docs/publications/2021/10/vn-cgep_Full.pdf (accessed 8 June 2023).
UNESCO. (2019, June). Women in Science (Fact Sheet 55). http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/fs55-women-in-science-2019-en.pdf (accessed 8 June 2023).
United Nations. (2024). The Sustainable Development Agenda. UN. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda/ (accessed 10 April 2024).
van den Besselaar, P., & Sandström, U. (2016). Gender differences in research performance and its impact on careers: a longitudinal case study. Scien-tometrics, 106, 143–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-015-1775-3
Vogel. E. F. (1993). The Four Little Dragons: The Spread of Industrialization in East Asia. Harvard University Press.
Vuong, Q., Nguyen, H. T., Ho, M., & Nguyen, M. (2021). Adopting open access in an emerging country: Is gender inequality a barrier in humani-ties and social sciences? Learned Publishing, 34(4), 487-498. https://doi. org/10.1002/leap.1387
Whitmore, J. K. (1984). Social Organization and Confucian Thought in Vietnam. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 15(2), 296–306. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463400012534
World Bank. (1993). Viet Nam: Transition to the Market: An Economic Report (Report 11902). World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/679461468314060171/Viet-Nam-Transition-to-the-market-an-economic-report (accessed 2 June 2023).
World Bank. (2023). Vietnam: Country Profile. https://databank.worldbank.org/views/reports/reportwidget.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile& Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=vnm (accessed 2 June 2023).
World Intellectual Property Organization. (2013). Global Innovation Index 2022: The Local Dynamics of Innovation. WIPO.
World Intellectual Property Organization. (2017). Global Innovation Index 2017: Intangible Capital in Global Value Chains. WIPO.
World Intellectual Property Organization. (2022). Global Innovation Index 2022: What is the future of innovation-driven growth? WIPO.
Yao, X. (2000). An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511800887
Yip, P. S. F., Xiao, Y., Wong, C. L. H. & Au, T. K. F. (2020). Is there gender bias in research grant success in social sciences? Hong Kong as a case study. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 7(173), 1-10. https://doi. org/10.1057/s41599-020-00656-y
Zakaib, G. D. (2011). Science gender gap probed. Nature, 470, 152-153. https://doi.org/10.1038/470153a
Descargas
Publicado
Versiones
- 2024-08-29 (3)
- 2024-08-28 (2)
- 2024-08-27 (1)
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 México y la Cuenca del Pacífico
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Política de acceso abierto
Esta revista proporciona un acceso abierto a su contenido, fiel al principio de que ofrecer al público un acceso libre a las investigaciones ayuda a un mayor intercambio global del conocimiento.
MyCP se publica bajo la licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-No Comercial CC BY-NC
Los contenidos serán publicados en versión PDF y XML.
Los autores(as) que publiquen en México y la Cuenca del Pacífico aceptan las siguientes condiciones:
De acuerdo con la legislación de derechos de autor, México y la Cuenca del Pacífico reconoce y respeta el derecho moral de los autores(as), así como la titularidad del derecho patrimonial, mismo que será cedido a la Universidad de Guadalajara para su difusión en acceso abierto.
México y la Cuenca del Pacífico no realiza cargos a los autores(as) por enviar y procesar artículos para su publicación.
Los autores(as) pueden realizar otros acuerdos contractuales independientes y adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión del artículo publicado en México y la Cuenca del Pacífico (por ejemplo, incluirlo en un repositorio institucional o darlo a conocer en otros medios en papel o electrónicos) siempre que indique clara y explícitamente que el trabajo se publicó por primera vez en México y la Cuenca del Pacífico.
Una vez que se acepte el artículo para su publicación los autores(as) deben remitir el formato de carta-cesión de derechos de la publicación debidamente requisitado y firmado por los autores(as). Este formato debe ser remitido en archivo PDF paralelamente con la versión final del artículo al correo: mexicoylacuenca@gmail.com.
Los lectores/usuarios de México y la Cuenca del Pacífico pueden acceder directamente al contenido de manera libre y gratuita en todo momento, incluyendo cuando un nuevo número es colocado en la plataforma. Se permite al lector/usuario citar, compartir (electrónicamente y de manera física), imprimir y distribuir el material siempre que se indique de manera clara y explícitamente que el trabajo se publicó por primera vez en México y la Cuenca del Pacífico. Es necesario citar de manera correcta el trabajo y no debe de ser utilizado con fines comerciales.